PAULUS MATIUS[1]
Abstract
Rattan garden is one among of
the several part traditional landuse system in Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai
East kalimantan, Indonesia. There are 2 types of Rattan gardens namely alluvial
rattan gardens and terrestrial rattan gardens. Rattan gardens rich of plant
species like trees, shrubs,herbs, liana/climbers, bamboo, palms and ferns. Many
species of wild animals also live or temporally come into rattan gardens for
feeding. Local people grow rattan for getting cash income and also for local
use. Almost all plants in rattan gardens can be used by the local people
for fulfill their daily need like
building materials, fire wood, food, medicine, ritual
ceremony, tools, honey be tree and many other uses.
I.
INTRODUCTION
South East Asian Tropical Rain Forests belong
to the species richest in the world (LONGMAN and JENIK 1974; BAAS et al . 1990;
WHITMORE 1990). Recently, biodiversity degradation is one of the major issues
in the world, because many human activities without ecological consideration
and internalization of ecological costs have resulted in habitat damage and
extinction of flora and fauna.
Local people have lived within Tropical Rain
Forests since long time ago without caused significant ecological damage to the
surrounding forests. Rattan garden is one among several of the traditional land-uses
of Benuaq tribes in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Rattan
gardens support their economic needs and contribute to conserve local
biodiversity.
Rattan
garden is a piece of land, on which rattans are cultivated by farmers for supporting
their subsistence and economic needs. Rattan gardens are an integrated
component of a shifting cultivation system.
II.
METHODS
1.
Location
of the research
This research was conducted in Muara Bomboy
Village, a Benuaq Dayaks Tribe in West Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
2.Vegetation Survey
The
rattan gardens conditions were classified by 3 categories representing sites,
age of the garden, and treatments: The categories are:
a. Age of Gardens :
ranged from 15-80 years
a. Site condition :
Alluvial and Terrestrial sites
b. Treatments : Less,
moderate, and heavy treatments
Sampling methods: 120 samplings plot with size:
a.
Trees Tier (T1): contents trees and all other plants having 10 m
or more in height and dbh 10 cm or more were inventored in rectangular plots
with size 50 m X 10 m
b.
Shrubs and young
trees tier (T2): all plants less than 10 m and/or dbh less than
10 cm. The size ofinventory plots were 30 X 6m with rectangular shape.
c.
Seedling and
ground tier (T3): all
plants less than 1.5 cm height, with
plots size were 20 x 4 m.
The
inventory items:
(1)
Number
of species
(2)
Number
of individuals
(3)
Cover (in Braun-Blanquet cover scale)
(Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974)
(4)
Diameter
Breast Height (DBH)
(5)
Total
and bole height
3.
Ethno-botanical
and etno-zoological survey
Plants and the local people have a very close relation because of
gardens management and plant utilization. For the ethnobotanical part of this
study, three key resource persons . who are experts in the names of local
species and their uses, were chosen to obtain information about plant species
uses. Besides these three main resource persons, there were 10 additional
supporting resource persons as respondents for this purpose.
Plant and wild animal relationships were studied mainly focusing on
animals’ food sources. This study covered 5 groups of animal species which have
close relation to local people in terms of their utilization as sources of
protein. They were terrestrial mammals, ape or monkeys, squirrels, birds and
fish.
4.
Data
Analysis
Vegetation data analysis used a multivariate
classification technique (MULVA package WILDI and ORLOCI, 1996).
To
compare diversity among the communities was conducted with SHANNON-WIENER index
formula as following (KREBS 1985; MAGURRAN 1988):
H’
=∑(pi)(log2pi)
Where :
H’ = Shannon-Wiener index of diversity
Pi =
proportion of the total sample belonging to ith species
E =
H’/Hmax
Where =
E evenness =proportion of observed diversity index to maximum diversity index
III.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1.
Plant community and species group in relation with
habitat, age and treatment.
Rattan gardens in Muara Bomboy consisted of 2 main site namely alluvial
rattan gardens that temporally floody and terrestrial rattan gardens that never
floody. Farmers cultivate jahab (Calamus
trachycoleus) and jepukng (Daemonorops
crinita) on alluvial areas and sokaq (Calamus
caesius) on terrestrial areas. Main soil type alluvial areas is Hapludults
and in terrestrial is Tropludults whichs are loam and silt loam (USDA 1991)
There are 5 vegetation communities within all
rattan gardens namely:
1). Artocarpus
teijsmsanii community was found in 30 years old RGs with
moderately treatment, both 80 years old RGs with less and
heavy treatments. Artocarpus teijsmanii community were divided into Vatica rassak, and Desmos chinensis types.
2). Eugenia napiformis community:
found in 50 years old RGs with moderately treatment at transitional areal
3). Actinodaphne sesquipedalis community occurred in terrestrial RGs from terraces to hills. Actinodaphne sesquipedalis community consist of two types e.g: Indorouchera
griffithiana, and Stachyphrinium. Indorouchera griffithiana type can be divided into 2 subtypes: Parkia
speciosa and pure subtypes, while Stachyphrinum type consisted of 4
subtipe: Calamus ornatus, Erycibe borneensis,
Pongamia pinnata, and Achasma macocheilos.
4). Macaranga gigantea community found at terrestrial area in 15 years
old RGS with less treatment. and
5).Gigantochloa hasskarliana community presented at
terraces and mid slope of terrestrial area with less treatment
Vegetation in its relation to site,
age and treatments of rattan gardens consisted of 21 species group in 6 catagories
namely:
1). Species groups in alluvial areas consisted of :
a. Artocarpus
teysmanii group consist of 14species
members : occured both 80 years old RGs with heavy and less treatments
and 30 years old RGs with moderate treatment.
b. Desmos chinensis group consist of 14species members and occur in 80 years old RGs with
heavy treatment
c. Rinorea
horneri group consist of 26
species members and occured in 30 years old RGs with moderate treatment.
2). Species
groups that spread from alluvial until transitional areas consisted of:
a. Gardenia tubifera group
consist of 16 species members and present in in all alluvial RGs to
transitional areas in all treatments.
b.Calamus
flabellatus group consist of 5 species members present
in alluvial RGs with heavy and moderate treatments to transitional areas.
c. Helicia robusta group consist of 3 species members
and occured in 30 years alluvial RGs with moderate treatment and 50 years old
RGs of moderate treatment in transitional areas.
3). Species
group in transitional area with 50 years old and
moderate treatment RGs was Eugenia napiformis which was consist of 16
species members.
4). Species
group that occured from transitional areas to terrestrial areas was Artocarpus kemando. It consist of 16
species members.(50 years old RGs with moderately treatment, 60 years old RGs
at terrace with moderate an 60 years old RGs with heavy treatments)
5). Terrestrial
species consisted of 11 group :
a. Parkia speciosa group
present most pronounced ot terraces of 50 years old RGs and 60 years old RGs
with less treatment. This species group consist of 13 species members.
b.
Pentace laxilfora group occured on
terraces of 50 years old RGs with less and 60 years old RGs with moderately
treatments as well as on terraces with bamboo. They consist of 4 species
members.
c.
Knema conferta group was found in
60 years old RGs with heavy treatment.This species group consist of 7 species
members.
d. Heynea
trijuga group was occured 35 years
old RGs with less tratment and bamboo community.This species group consisted of
4 species members.
e.
Macaranga gigantea group was occur
in 15 years old RGs with less treatment, with 18 species members.
f.
Vitex pinnata group was occur in
15 years, 30 years and 35 years old RGs with less, heavy treatments, with 3
species members.
g. Gigantochloa
hasskarliana group was occur at
terraces to mid slope 45-60 years old RGs with less treatment. This group consist of 7 species members.
h. Baccaurea
kunstleri group was
pronounced in all terrestrial RGs except in Macaranga community. This
group consisted of 5 species members.
i.
Hornstedtia scypifera group with 17 species
members, widely distributed over terrestrial RGs, with all ages and
treatments, except in Bamboo community.
j. Fordia
filipes group wasfound distributed widely all over terrestrial RGs with all age and
treatments. This group consist of 30 species members.
k. Strombosia
javanica group was found distributed
in terrestrial site, except Macaranga gigantea community and 60 years
old RGs hilly RGs with heavy treatment and consist of 7 species members.
6). Species that widespread
from alluvial until terrestrial consisted of :
a. Dillenia exelsa had
the widest ecological range of all species group in RGs which were occurred in
all site, treatment and age conditions and consist of 5 species members.
b. Lepisanthes amoena group
was found in all alluvial RGs, except in 80 years old with less treatment. They
also spread overall terrestrial RGs with all treatments and ages and consist of
7 species members.
2.
Species richness
RGs are rich in wild plant species. On 120 nested
sample plots of RGs in Muara Bomboy, there were 802 plant species belonging to
367 genera, in 119 families.Within the canopy (T1 sample plots) based on a
total 6.0 ha sample area, there were 306 plant species from 186 genera and 61
families. A total 258 species were trees belonging to 135 genera and 51
families. Some non-tree plants of reaching the canopy (T1) were climbers,
bamboos, rattans and palms. The climbers had the second rank in species
richness with 35 species belonging to 34 genera and 17 families (Table 1).
Life forms and
related
|
Number of species
|
||
T1 tier
|
T2 tier
|
T3 tier
|
|
Trees
|
258
|
||
Climbers
|
35
|
145
|
128
|
Rattans
|
7
|
17
|
18
|
Palms
|
3
|
6
|
6
|
Bamboos
|
3
|
6
|
5
|
Shrubs
|
54
|
68
|
|
Tree saplings
|
352
|
||
Tree seedlings
|
276
|
||
Herbs
|
28
|
50
|
|
Ferns
|
3
|
18
|
|
Total species
|
306
|
611
|
569
|
Total species for overall tier
|
802
|
||
Legend:T1
= plant with height 10 m and more or dbh 10 cm and more, T2 = plant with height
between 1.5m and 10 m, and diameter less than 10 cm, T3 = plant with less 1.5 m
height.
In the T2 sample plots with a total sample
area of 2.16 ha, 611 plant species, belonging to 295 genera and 92 families
were found. Tree saplings were the richest with 352 species belonging to 158
genera. They were followed by climbers with 145 species belonging to 88 genera
and 39 families, and shrubs with 54 species belonging to 38 genera and 18
families.
T3 sample plots with a total area of 0.96 ha contained
569 species belonging to 338 genera, 116 families. Tree seedlings occurred as
the richest with 276 species, 150 genera and 57 families. Climbers were in the
second rank with 128 species, 80 genera and 39 families, shrubs as the third
rank with 68 species, 45 genera and 20 families.
3.
Species Diversity
The comparison among even plots (5 plots or 0.25 ha) from 12 categories
of RGs showed that species richness ranged from 26 to 80 species in T1 (Table
2). In the Artocarpus teysmanii community, RGs with less treatment (Vatica
rassak type) had the lower species richness compared to RGs with heavy
treatment at the same age (Desmos chinensis type), and to younger RGs
with moderate treatment (Actinodaphne tomentosa subtype). Gaps created
by moderate and heavy treatments provide opportunities for more species to
recruit and developing.
Table
2. Species richness, diversity indices (H’) of Shannon-Wiener, and evenness (E)
in each community, type and subtype of RGs for T1, T2,
and T3
Communities/type/subtype
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
|||||||
Spp
|
H’
|
E
|
Spp
|
H’
|
E
|
Spp
|
H’
|
E
|
||
A
|
Alluvial
|
|||||||||
1
|
Art
teysmanii com.
|
|||||||||
1.1
|
Vatica
rassak type
|
26
|
3.3
|
0.7
|
56
|
4.0
|
0.7
|
43
|
3.1
|
0.6
|
1.2
|
D
chinensis type.
|
|||||||||
1.2.1
|
Pure
subt.
|
34
|
4.5
|
0.9
|
120
|
5.5
|
0.8
|
99
|
5.2
|
0.8
|
1.2.2
|
Act
tomentosa subt.
|
61
|
5.2
|
0.9
|
126
|
5.6
|
0.8
|
110
|
5.2
|
0.8
|
2
|
Eug
napiformis com.
|
53
|
4.9
|
0.9
|
142
|
5.8
|
0.8
|
125
|
5.1
|
0.7
|
B.
|
Terrrestrial
|
|||||||||
3
|
Act sesquipedalis com.
|
|||||||||
3.1
|
Ind
griffithiana type
|
|||||||||
3.1.1
|
Parkia
speciosa subt.
|
70
|
5.0
|
0.8
|
209
|
6.5
|
0.8
|
207
|
5.1
|
0.7
|
3.1.2
|
Pure
subt.
|
80
|
5.3
|
0.8
|
186
|
6.2
|
0.8
|
190
|
5.5
|
0.7
|
3.2
|
Stachyphrinium
type
|
|||||||||
3.2.1
|
Calamus
ornatus subt.
|
74
|
5.2
|
0.8
|
191
|
6.1
|
0.8
|
177
|
4.9
|
0.7
|
3.2.2
|
Erycibe
borneensis subt.
|
55
|
5.1
|
0.9
|
202
|
6.3
|
0.8
|
201
|
4.6
|
0.6
|
3.2.3
|
Pong
pinnata subt.
|
56
|
4.5
|
0.8
|
166
|
6.0
|
0.8
|
146
|
3.7
|
0.5
|
3.2.4
|
Ach
macrocheilos subt.
|
47
|
5.1
|
0.9
|
123
|
5.2
|
0.7
|
151
|
2.0
|
0.3
|
4
|
Mac
gigantea com.
|
49
|
4.3
|
0.8
|
147
|
5.9
|
0.8
|
188
|
5.7
|
0.8
|
5
|
Gig
hasskarliana com.
|
29
|
2.2
|
0.5
|
139
|
5.5
|
0.8
|
178
|
4.1
|
0.5
|
In terrestrial RGs, the lowest species
richness for tree tier (T1) was in Gigantochloa hasskarliana community
(bamboo with less treatment). The species richest was in 60 years old RGs with
moderate treatment on terraces (Indorouchera griffithiana type). The H’
for tree tier (T1) was highest in the Indorouchera griffithiana type
(5.3) with an E of 0.8, and it was lowest in the Gigantochloa hasskarliana
community (2.2), with an E of 0.5. Within the Indorouchera griffithiana type,
both higher species richness and even distribution of species cover resulted in
an higher diversity index, while in the Gigantochloa hassskarliana
community lower of species richness and very dominant distribution and cover of
Gigantochloa hasskarliana (uneven distribution) over the other species
resulted in a lower diversity index. Dominance of bamboo may outcompete many
species
In shrub tier (T2) with a total area 0.09 ha (5 samples of 0.018 ha for
each subtype), the species richness ranged between 56 and 209 species. The
lowest species richness and diversity index in was in Vatica rassak type
(80 years old RGs with less treatment) and the highest was in the Parkia
speciosa subtype (50 years old RGs with less treatment). The H’ ranged
between 4.0 (Vatica rassak type) and 6.5 (Parkia speciosa
subtype), with the evenness between 0.7 and 0.8.
The species richness in the ground tier (T3) (0.04 ha) ranged from 43
to 207 species with the lowest richness also in the Vatica rassak
subtype, and the highest was in Parkia speciosa subtype. However, the
index of diversity (2.0) and evenness (0.3) was lowest in Achasma
macrocheilos subtype, although the species richness was higher. The reason
was the very high dominance of Stachyphrinium
sp’1’ over the other species causing an uneven distributions of the species.
4.
Tree
density
Tree density within alluvial RGs ranged from 324 to 460 individuals per
ha. The average was 390 individuals per ha. Basal area ranged from 13.5 m2 to
27.8 m2 per ha. The average basal area was 16.1 m2 per ha. Bole volume ranged from 49.6 m3 to 254.8 m3
per ha. The average bole volume was 110.0 m3 per ha (Table 3). The lowest tree
density was in 80 years old RGs with less treatment. However, it contained the
highest basal area and volume, because there was many big trees remained.
Site
|
Treatment
and age of RGs
|
N/ha
|
BA
(m2/ha)
|
Vol
(m3)/ha
|
||
Trees
|
Saplings
|
Seedlings
|
||||
Alluvial RGs
|
Less treated (80-yrs)
|
324
|
3333
|
7600
|
27.8
|
254.8
|
Moderate treated (30yrs)
|
460
|
22400
|
14.5
|
80.0
|
||
Moderate treated (50yrs)
|
440
|
5889
|
13475
|
13.5
|
55.6
|
|
Heavy treated (80yrs)
|
336
|
3244
|
11650
|
8.6
|
49.6
|
|
Average
|
390
|
5217
|
13781
|
16.1
|
110
|
|
Terrestrial RGs
|
Less treated (15yrs, hilly)
|
502
|
3250
|
10588
|
9.4
|
40.0
|
Less treated (35yrs, hilly)
|
374
|
3734
|
33357
|
27.4
|
178.7
|
|
Less treated (50yrs, flat)
|
502
|
4916
|
21212
|
22.6
|
199.2
|
|
Less treated (60yrs, hilly)
|
633
|
2733
|
7075
|
25.4
|
220.4
|
|
Moderate treate d(60yrs, flat)
|
380
|
4668
|
20512
|
17.9
|
150.8
|
|
Heavy treated (30yrs hilly)
|
371
|
2759
|
7108
|
8.4
|
36.0
|
|
Heavy treated (60yrs, hilly)
|
427
|
4222
|
7867
|
10.4
|
47.3
|
|
Bamboo (45-60yrs)
|
144
|
2730
|
21661
|
9.8
|
80.9
|
|
Average
|
417
|
3627
|
16173
|
16.4
|
119.1
|
|
Tree density in terrestrial RGs ranged from
144 to 633 individuals per ha. The average tree density were 417 individuals
per ha. Basal area ranged from 8.4 m2 to 27.4 m2 per. The average of basal area
was 16.4 m2 per ha. Bole volume ranged from 36.0 m3 to 220.4 m3 per ha. The
average bole volume was 119.1 m3 per ha. The highest number of trees was in 60
years old RGs with less treatment and the highest basal area was in 35 years
old RGs with less treatment.
In alluvial RGs, the average tree sapling
densities were 5217 individuals per ha, and tree seedlings were 13781
individuals per ha. The highest tree sapling and seedling densities were in 30
years old RGs with moderate treatment (8400 individuals per ha for tree
saplings, and 22400 individuals per ha for tree seedling), and the lowest was
in 80 years old RGs with heavy treatment for tree saplings (3244 individuals
per ha), and in 80 years old RGs with less treatment for tree seedling (7600
individuals per ha). The average density of tree saplings in terrestrial RGs
was lower than in alluvial RGs (3627 individuals per ha). The tree seedlings
density was higher in terrestrial RGs (16173 individuals per ha) than in
alluvial RGs.
5.
Local
utilization of plants
Local
community of Benuaq relies on their daily needs from many species of plants.
Plant use can be divided into 10 categories namely: building materials,
firewood, food, medicinal plants, pest and disease control, tools, cash income,
ritual ceremonies, honeybee trees, and other miscellaneous uses (Table 4).
No
|
Type of use
|
Plant groups
|
Total
|
|||||||
Tr
|
Cl
|
Hb
|
Sh
|
Rt
|
Pa
|
Fe
|
Bo
|
|||
1
|
Building materials
|
273
|
1
|
2
|
11
|
1
|
1
|
289
|
||
2
|
Fire wood
|
214
|
16
|
230
|
||||||
3
|
Food
|
42
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
61
|
4
|
Medicinal plant
|
29
|
73
|
12
|
27
|
2
|
3
|
146
|
||
5
|
Pest control
|
7
|
14
|
8
|
8
|
1
|
38
|
|||
6
|
Tool
|
119
|
15
|
5
|
6
|
18
|
3
|
2
|
168
|
|
7
|
Cash income
|
6
|
1
|
11
|
1
|
19
|
||||
8
|
Ritual ceremonies
|
46
|
29
|
12
|
17
|
8
|
4
|
4
|
1
|
121
|
9
|
Honeybee trees
|
6
|
6
|
|||||||
10
|
Other miscellaneous uses
|
17
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
25
|
||||
Tr = trees, C l = climbers, Hb = Herbs, Sh = shrubs, Rt = rattans, Pa =
palms, Fe = ferns, Bo = bamboos
The most
commonly used is for building materials (289 species) and follow respectively
by firewood (230 species), Tools (168 species), medicinal plants (146 species)
and ritual ceremonies (121 species).
Most frequent use were stems and branches of
trees and shrubs, mainly for building materials, firewood and tools.
Leaves/fronds were used mainly for ritual ceremonies and medicines. Sap was
used for medicines and fruits for food.
6.
Animals
food sources
Forest
like structures of the RGs create habitat for many animals. They stay or come
temporally looking for fruit, leaves, and other plant parts, as well as preying
insects or wild animals (carnivorous or insectivorous animals). For example,
during conducting this field research I saw 3 groups of Hylobates muelleri, which always stay overnight in same tree. There
were also 4 groups of Presbytis cristata
ultima and Presbytis frontata,
that always come back to a tall tree in old RGs at dusk. Groups of Macaca fascicularis always stay
overnight in a same tall tree close to river. Some birds such as Gracula religiosa, Ducula pickeringi,
Psitinus cynaurus and several of pigeon species come to RGs during fruiting
time, and were absent afterwards. According to local people information, 170
species of wild animals were found staying in or temporally visiting RGs. They
consist of 20 species of ground mammals included civet, 8 species of monkeys,
13 species of squirrels, 74 species of birds and 55 species of fish.
There were 157 species of plant known as source
of food for ground mammal and civet. They included 109 tree species, 22 climber
species, 14 herbs species, 5 shrub species, 3 rattan species, and 2 both palm
and ferns.
Monkeys can consume 139 plant species, which is
consist of 109 tree species, 16 climbers species, 6 shrubs, 4 herbs, 3 rattan
and 1 palm species.
There were 60 species of plants as food source
for squirrels, which consist of 48 trees, 9 climbers, and 3 herb species.
During floods all alluvial RGs will be
inundated with a water depth from 1 to 2.5 m. Many species of fish enter
inundated rattan gardens looking for fallen fruits and flowers, worms,
woodworms, maggots and insects. Plants in alluvial areas or riverbank provide
food for fish during inundation periods. A total amount 45 plant species were
known of their fruits or flowers as food sources 36 fish species.
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
1)
Rattan gardens consist of alluvial rattan gardens and
terrestrial rattan garden. The farmers grow rattan jahab (Calamus trachycoleus) and jepukng (Daemonorops crinita) in alluvial areas, and rattan sokaq (Calamus caesius) in terrestrial areas.
These gardens were integrated with shifting cultivation systems.
2)
RGs contain many plants species growing naturally and
many wild animals stay or come temporally for feeding. It means that RGs one of
the traditional gardens that able to support conservation of biodiversity
mainly local flora and fauna.
3)
Within RGs plant, every species have its own site
preferences from narrow to wide ranges. Different site, age and treatments of
RGs provide many site preferences for many plant species and resulting in
higher diversity in RGs.
4)
RGs are the traditional forest-like gardens contain many
useful plants for fulfill indigenous people daily needs such as building
materials, firewood, food, medicinal plants, tools, ritual ceremony and other
uses.
REFERENCES
BAAS, P. (1989). The plant diversity of
Malesia. Proceeding of the Flora Malesiana Symposium, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 420 pp.
KREBS, J. CH.
(1985). Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Third
Editions. Harper and Row Publishing., New York, 800 pp.
LONGMAN, K.A. and JENIK, J. (1974). Tropical
Forest and Its Environment. Longman Group Limited London, 196 pp.
MAGURRAN, A. (1988). Ecological Diversity and
Its Measurements. University Press. Cambridge, 179 pp.
MULLER-DOMBOIS, d. and ELLEENBERG, H. (1974).
Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 547 pp.
USDA (1991). Keys to Soil Taxonomi by Soil survey Staff. Agency for
International Development, United States Development of Agriculture, Soil
Management Support Services. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburn, Virginia.
WHITMORE, T. C. (1990). An Introduction to
Tropical Rain Forests. Clarendon Press Oxford, 226 pp.
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