Tempuutn Radetn Tamutn (Nataakng Juata)

Titir tatau Merajaq Intatn nyaoq Ayaakng Miwir Kuning, olaq baritun tautn juaq ngerangan datai, neau Miwir Kuning ngonaq butukng untukng, nganuk anak mua ulutn, ete 1 bln 2 bulatn sukar mentoluq bulatn, turas mentopat bulatn, sukar 5 6 bulatn,  mempeq me 8 bulatn sukar mence 9 bulatn pede, tokai miwir kuning ngutok merajaq intatn dingaq ko merajaq intatn ituq arep butukng nareq kakatn lolos kakatn mekus, merajaq intatn ngekajat simpakng buat, jurokng nontokng alatn kereramaq alaq, nontokng edos pemelolos nontokng pujut  penguyut, kekat uat ojat malaatn, ngencalokng olakng lou, ngeramaq liakng gantukng, sorokng nontokng boa jawakng, dolui tukar dusutn solai botuk natar surat bulau, kedot jurook dekaq tunaau, alatn doeh nangkalewekng, balont bintakng tapik enus, nete alatn pemantulatn bekat wakat pitai tajak, alaatn dopeq dekeakng, walakng potaatn beau kait, pemencaraatn pune mpe pulutn lio nyawi iro, nyawi encangan 8, batuk natar surat bulaw, nyituk lou naan paliiq, ketingep naan engan aweq pengambaliq lou, liakng gantukng aweq liatn, kedep lelipatn mengket, mengket tukar dusutn solai, tenukng ketetalaq lewai, munan ketetalaq lewai, telegatn loutn jautn, pelengko pagar tunyukng, nyelapm olakng lou lamakng,lotop amin lamak limuq, neau edos pemelolos eso ngonaq nunuk nuat, male ngonaq pantukng nurui, tokaq merajaq intatn, ap arep jurokng nontokng, nontokng ko pujut penguyut nontkng edos pemelolos, alatn sencalokng nontokng alatn  kereramaaq alaaq, aro miwir kuning kakatn lolos kakatn mekus. Muatn untatn berantoi, siap bulau kelalemo, lemo kukup unuk, rekajat simpakng buat, telahui puai malatn, sencalokng olakng lou, kereramaq liakng gantukng, nontokng pento waetn nawang pelengkau pagar tunyukng, ngerkidik bange tana, mokas lengkas nobekng kenekng. Nanyuq kukuq seribuq nguntai kiayai ribuq sinai, on kolatn puai malatn puti riniq bawi ngampir, nyawi natar surat bulau, mpeq lou nyawi kutaq, mengket lou nangkaq kutaq, untkng kaso tenukng mo munan ketatalaq lewai, pelngkau pagar tunyukng nyelapm olakng lou lamakng, lotop amin lamak limuq, engket telengkotn tiokng, lotop kalemuq ngantukng, jadiq pujut tahui nguyut, edoh i pelolos, keserau danum waaw kesoaar angih niam, motak pusokng nota ngasaai, nyaut nokai nai, epuq otus junyukng ayus, epuq tokai ineq lintai, rempak anyakng araatn iro. Tatau merajaq intatn okoi lalus okai trmai okoi kahikng okoi kikih, serah serahatn tinak edos pemelolos tika pujut penguyut. Nadeq ka rima nengkalo ka lamaq nelangkap. Pemerncaratn pujut edos pemelolos tahui dencooi tenelonyooq uli sancangan 8, (edos pemelolos pujut penguyut nenek kemah nenek kewah).

Pemernacartn  merajaq intatn ampetn miwir kuning memea memoyaq. Jadiq merajaq intatn manan beruku seniang simur, ngeliatn anak bawi, seniang simur ngeliatn anak titukng. Tokai merajaq intatn sake anak titukng, nyimai ampetn anak bawi. Merajaq intatn nyeq la Mukng anak titukng, siu molupm.

Ulutn ngonaq gilikng uli, sengkuur pusok kalaq anyoor  pelilir, lalo moit mintatn sunge solokng, laitn urek jatek, moit mintatn olakng toyop, doit uli la lou. Ngencak kalaq anyor pelilir miwir kuning. Rempak ayakng tekulu balik toikng, tauq komot sencolaar, uat  olakng lou, gelukng, tauq wat tauq jakaaq, kakatn tauq malaatn, tiank ngeno susur alaau. Neau rempak ayakng tauq malat olakng laou,tekoruq tauq malatn nyentura bange tana. Uhaq ngonaq sungkai solai, simpakng lolakng, solai nyang olo malapm. Teteq solai nempetn dadaaq, siwo upo simpang lolakng, puq ngonaq lomuq tauq puti jaji, manan ngeloh nusaq lou layatn. Teneau sookng niam, kemahaq rempak ayang, ngonaq simpakng lolakng, rempak aakng muat egah, tauq kudi unuk bokaakng, tauq nempaq boyas bura tauq masi danum lio, tauq motak dawarn tamang, tokai miwir uning, ko rempak ayaqng ngua umaq tautn, alatn ngua umaq tautn, nontokng pusok dodok jabau jabukng. Tarukng bawe rempak ayakng ngonaq bungaq buatn, uhaq ngonte komakng lolakng, jadiq bungaq lepok pusook, deningan lou jaa, dingan upo sookng deningan ayakng niam. Taruk nusuk luakng we, nyelumaq runtiq bulau, tarukng nusuk luakng wakai, nyelumaq luluk bawo.  Tarukng iro murek dayoq, murek witu rangaq karukng, deningaan mantitn bayaatn, dingan kilip taman tauq olo bayuh bulatn lalapm, mo jampatn tuayatn, dingan tatau timang bulow, patih gagah olakng wangan, dingan ulutn mengengautn utak witu, meretingang kuakng bonakng, taruk ayakng naping sawaq, turas siluq laut danum, dingan julukng umaq mangoi beliatn tingkatn tasik jerungan jauq jalakng, tarukng iro tempuk mo, tenukng puncutn jaa 100, barukng nancakng ribuq sinaai, dingaan tatau damukng itukng, dingan tatau damukng aduh, tokai ulutn, kebuatn tarukng bawe rempak ayakng. Tarukng iro ili waq dingan ulutn nancakng balai tana, turas mpeq jaa papatn puti dingan rimukng lomun mukatn, lalukng sumpikng pamangkeriq, taruk iro napikng sawaaq dingan tatAu Radetn tamutn. Tokai tatau radetn tamutn buatn tarukng rempak ayakng. Tokai taatu radetn tamunt ap naan lani deniratn, kakaatn nyaooq niam iro. Uhaq nyiap manciq lumah ulap sape, pupuh nyui serampakng lisat, pita naq ap ngantar pupuh nyui serampakng lisat al dayoq. Pemencaraatn pune mpe nyawi lou nyawi jaa, nyituk lou nan jarik liakng gantukng naan liatn, ketingep nan engan aweq penempalitn lou liakng gantukng aweq liatn. En gket tukar dusutn solai, munan ketetalaq lewai, pelengkau pagar tunyukng, nyelapm olakng lou lamak, nontokng apai solukng berakng. Lusiq biwiq kediq2 bila boa jamat2, usik alatn dabai. Ulutn nogeq man, rekajat simpakng buat lotop amin lamak limuq, nuat ruratn bukutn okaatn, nangkap danum bui kami, tuat man dudutn nyongar. Neau rempak rempaqk ayakng ngatur okaatn. Man epuq botikng, dekeakng tengkau man nakap danum bui kami, tahui isap solo gerokng, ngerjakat tahui wat, jue losek sila bawo, uli wat ide lai. Tatau radetn tamutn matak taruk pmaratita, beau nyilak duiq igtau dawatn, ngantar pupuh nyui serampakng lisat. Ap kakaatn batuq nonoq, jadiq ohoq penyake jue pengawo apetn bawo, tinak no rempak ayakng. Tokai tatau radetn tamutn pita naq ap uli la tasik ulak perahuq.

Rempak ayakng denalaq Bintakng sisi,ulutn sempulak lou. Tokai miwir kuning 2 rempak ayakng beau adaq ngapa, ohoq pupuq nyui seremapak lisat peneloli. Tokai merajaq intatn , takaq enaq awitn uli gawai 100. Stelah ruyaq peneloli genisiq awitn gawai 100, denencooi tenelonyooq la tatau radetn Tamutn. Tokai Radetn tamutn beau bulau mengapaq lingkikng balakng makaq ootn, Neau tatau radetn Tamutn waetn remang nangkup langit, waetn busatn benarapm.

Uhaq ncoi siliq solo la piatn deroq, bereruku elap, deroq ili la piatn tahui tetajak siliq solo. Konaq ongan bintakng sisi. Deroq uli nus masui, enaq okatn enaq kanan, nahiq okatn puq ncak nogeq maan nogeq nyongar. Epuq ngonaq butukng botikng asakng buatn sdengat lehooi, boting nyengkau matukng korau, boting nenekng laiq kenekng, uli wat ideh lai uli akat ideh lai, naan engan naan iyo, naan subatn seritaq, kaitn 2 bange nus alatn bereruku elap ampetn tatau Radetn Tamutn. Bua mua senentitir waniq mpat senengkulek, jadiq royow mataq kakatn turi, ngerekajat simpakng buat ulit lokutn perurui, puq ngonaq lentakng malapm puq ngonaq pentutn turui, kutok tstau bintakng sisi, ngutok bawe rempak ayakng, tokai no ituq arep marengin bokakng, arep marengin buluq, jadiq ngerejakat rempakng yakng simpakng buat, sencalokng olakng lou , ngereramaq liakng gantukng, nontokng jakat pengejangkokngn, nontokng liatn bawemuan ngemuraq, ngejakat ngenajngkng mua muraq. Neau eso uhaq sencato olo uhatn kiaq setnakaq nahaaq. Makaq tokai rempak ayakng awq pikir aweq pintar, pepuluq beau buluq seluakng beau anak, tapiq tokai miwir kuning eso takaq nengkaah alatn kawo, petitih danum tu dcanan, latn belakng mamelo alatn lalukng ngelangkining. Bogai badek elo unek, bogai wase alaaq pare, bogai odak alaq piak, bayuq teraq nan pikir nan pintaar. Baukng baluq rinuk loyuk, engkokng pitakng rinuk liakng, nyengkai seiq nguntai lawai suakng sidai solai, negkasuq nikuq jauq suakng buyukng pekalukng.

Epuq engan bulat pahat genelakat, bulat pebulutn tetukng, roncikng pebulutn angkih, terap perirau belakng, bulat pebua tolui jotukng loyaakng lio lining, jaut tokai erai uraai, eraai pekat erai baat, makaq tokai miwir kuning ampetn rempak ayatn nontokng japaq pelulaq, nontong longet beliatn manget, nontokng janyatn beliatn, sakng atakng olo iro. La usuk ruakng dayoq, 1 matakng luakng olo, senculakng olo doyakng leputukng malik malapm, deroq uli deroq unur oit janyatn beliatn, longet beliatn mangbet, ampetn ruyaq pengeramuq, ampetn gunik jejakaq. Pune mpeq nyawi lou nyawi jaa, mengket lou nangkaq kutaq, munan ketatalaq lewai, pelengkau pagar tunyukng, nyelapm olakng lou lamakng, jadiq janyatn beliaatn nuat apaai solukng berakng nuat idai solukng sapuq. Deroq ruku menyerengkakng sorokng empaq bemutikng wase, roko benusok bematn, nyiot nyema ngutaq roikng,  ketegau nogeq maan te amin lamak limuq, kekaatn uat berbayat, malatn menyalingkui lotop amin lamak limuq, nuat rutatn bukutn okaatn, payak pangtai rempak itak, nakap danum bui kami gtahui man gtahui nyongar, erai dosekng nyalantuakng ncak empaaq enakng walaq, oon kolatn mpit man pulutn tautn  maka5n butukng, botikng nenekng laiq kenekng, botikng nyengkakng matukng koraw, nakap danum isap solo gerokng, telahui gilikng uli kaat ulat berebayaq, jue losek sila bawo, uli wsat kait ide. Pemencaratn rempak ayakng, nentakng julakng penyempayatn nuat sipukng sreniup, netak ngerarak bias, suakng manciq jaliq toan kediq, lumah rajaq ijauw, wirikng duduk kedadukatn, bulau kelalemo, kuikng buatn bantikng, tempayakng buatn amaaq, batak bungaq pengasiw, irikng tidu kayutn tawar, batak busaatn penyilu. Nguntatn bulau kelalemo, liatn mempakng liatn mulu, liatn nyapaq liatn nyawai, liatn nyiliq liaatn nyolo, nempuliq liau mate, adeq kuli penengkunur, liatn muat liatn mangun, wakat jawat jawanan wakaq juruq jeruhatn, rima tenengkalo, lamaq tenalangkap, antai tokaaq antai leheq, monak antai rine, mengkeaq saatn etaq mengkaletn saatn opaau. Jadiq intotn neladatn nempuutn nempuncaatn, nyentitir olo bayuh nyengkulek bulatn lalapm, pentutn turui nan tupiq naan irap, bayaq pentutn n turui denampat tuhaq watn bunga jamuq kukut sogou jawakng lopo. Naan tupiq naan irap, pede dongaq bintakng sisi. Ka muat pantiq lamakng olakng, muat sebatn balai amas, muat tangkikng mewekng bulau, muat usuk bukur bulau, butun amas butun pirak, pengencatn tongau bulau, waq tangkikng mewekng bulau, antai semaH  nyemohoon, toos bulau juus 8, ekai unek belakng ali, mpeq nutu siwo louq, beremauq muntetn kuluq, aro ka rima nengkalo kare lamaq nelangkap, beliatn jakat jangkookng, mangir tahui ngunakng, deroq semah nyemohoon, deroq junykng nyewaliq, deroq puq ekas uneq belaqkng ali,  rima piak jagoq jawaq. Ngarau ngawang bulau juus, bualau juus bintakng sisi. Liatn tangaai beratamui, laitn kuli penakunur, pekuli siliq solo, kumak kalaau radetn tamutn. Beliatn sudak solukng nyokooi lalus nyokoi temai, kahikng, okoi kikit. Liatn uli penekunur.

Neau dongon bintakng sisi mengkeaq rotatn etau mengkale saatn opau, mengkuas kuas megnkuse mengkuntih mengkolih, kotitn danum loli olo, kotin dempak bila malapm osoot beraonos, ratu beratekatn. OOtn iro bintakng sisi, makaq iro mali uputn talitn uputn tingkaq alaq ukur bintakng Sisi, ukur buatn tuha kenaq, saatn tokaq saatn leheq. (ditutus penulis dari narasumber/penutus: Muleekng )

Mitos asal usul tumbuhan ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri T et B)

Pada suatu masa ketika langit baru memayung dan tanah baru berkembang atas kehendak yang Mahakuasa, sebuah patung kayu yang dipahat oleh  Mangelukng Tunyukng, terkena angin puting beliung lalu berubah jadi manusia yang beranak seorang anak lelaki bernama Genuq Segenam. Genuq Segenam setelah dewasa beristeri seorang perempuan bernam Genuq Segagetupm. Beranak Wook Gorokng Goncokng yang kemudian kawin dengan Wook Gurukng Guncukng. Wook Gorokng Goncokng dan Wook Gurukng Guncukng beranak laki-laki bernama Mengenyo Bawo. Mengenyo bawo kemudian kawin dengan perempuan bernama Mengenyaakng Laaakng meperanakkan Wook Nagaaq Limaaq, Wook Nagaaq Limaaq beristeri Sementir Galaak Turaak. Keduanya menurunkan Berebai Solaai, Berebai Solaai kemudian menurunkan Semao Atoos Asaakng, menurunkan 9 bersaudara yang terdiri dari 6 saudara laki-laki dan tiga saudara perempuan. Saudara yang tertua Kontiq Besiq, dengan adik-adinya antara lain Kontiq Ilap, Pamur jautn, Antukng tiokng, antukng tungan, Kojas Mantamias, Ajitn mantalasak, sedang saudara perempuan antara lain Ayaakng Bine, Ilaakng Lemiang, Ratu Manaak. Tataau Antukng Tiookng beristeri seorang perempuan bernama Ayaakng Sewelaakng Olo, beranak Jamentak, Jementus dan Jemento,.sedang Tataau Antukng Tungaan beristeri Ayaakng Rangaai Bulaatn, mempunyai anak bernama Sulitn Lungin. Kemudian suatu hari Tatau Kontiq Besiq dan Tataau Kontiq Ilaap membunuh Tataau Antukng Tiookng dan Tataau Antukng Tungan dan merebut isteri keduanya. Roh Antukng Tiookng kemudian jadi Nayuq Delonookng Utak, sedang roh Antukng Tungaan kemudian jadi Nayuq Delonookng payaakng. Ontiq  Besiq dan Kontiq Ilap yang dilanda rasa bersalah dan takut kemudian melarikan diri. Kontiq Besiq membawa lari Ayaakng Sewelaakng Olo ke suatu tempat bernama Bawo Langit, sedang Kontiq Ilap lari membawa Ayaakng Rangaai Bulaatn ke suatu tempat bernama Bawo Lili Nyao. Semenjak iitu Jentak Jementus, Sulitn Lungin dan Jemento jadi yatim dan tinggal bersama bibinya Ratu Manaak, dan kakek nenek Diakng Dengar. Beberapa tahun berselang anak-anak tersebut menjadi besar dan sering bertengkar dan kelahi dan selalu ditengahi oleh bibinya Ratu Manaak. Pada suatu hari ketika mereka bertengkar, Ratu manak marah dan berkata :”Kalian selalu bertengkar. Kalau memang kalian mempunyai keberanian dan punya kekuatan, jangan bertengkar sesama kalian. Pergilah mencari Tataau Kontiq Besiq dan Kontiq Ilap yang telah membunuh ayah kalian dan merebut serta mebawa lari ibu kalian !” Mendengar bahwa ayah mereka dibunuh oleh Kontiq Besiq dan Kontiq Ilap dan ibu mereka dibawa lari, mereka lalu berunding untuk mencari pembunuh orang tua mereka tersebut. Setelah persiapan dianggap cukup, maka mereka berangkat menuju ke negeri atas langit, tempat para pembunuh ayah mereka melarikan diri. Di tengah perjalanan Jamentak, Jamentus dan Sulitn Lungin mengalami kecelakaan dan cedera, sehingga tidak bisa meneruskan perjalanan, sehingga hanya adik Jamento yang bisa meneruskan perjalanan ke negeri atas langit (Bawo langit). Sesampainya di negeri atas langit, Jamento bertemu dengan ibunya Ayaakng Sewelaakng Olo dan Ayaakng Rangaai Bulaatn bibinya. Wajahnya nampak bermuram durja dan penuh dendam kesumat, dia tidak mau makan dan minum. Kata Ayaakng Rangaai Bulaatn:” Kalau kamu merasa dendam dengan pembunuh ayahmu, pergilah ke sebelah sana dan bunuhlah Kontiq Besiq Ingar Langit dan Kontiq Ilap Ingar Jautn pembunuh ayahmu.” Jamento lalu bangun dan melompat dari tempat duduknya seperti harimau yang hendak menerkam mangsa menuju ke arah Kontiq Besiq Ingaar Langit dan Kontiq Ilap Ingar Jautn. Ia mencabut senjata “bulu” (sejenis mandau) dan menebas kedua pembunuh ayahnya sampai mati. Kemudian dia memotong jantung Kontiq Besiq Ingaar Langit dan Kontiq Ilap dan membuangnya ke belakang rumah. Jantung Kontiq Besiq lalu tumbuh menjadi sejenis tumbuhan yang bernama buah beluluq batuq, yang kemudian menurunkan tumbuhan yang disebut ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri). Tumbuhan tersebut menjadi tumbuhan asuhan dan kesayangan Ayaakng Lipir Langit adik tiri perempuan dari Jamento, hasil dari perkawinan antara Kontiq Besiq dengan Ayaakng Sewelaakng Olo.

Tersebutlah kisah Ayus bersama adiknya Intokng, tinggal di suatu kampung bernama Kenyeraau, di kampung tersebut mereka mengalami paceklik dan bahaya kelaparan selama 7 tahun. Ayus lalu membuat ladang di Menaliiq, sedang Intokng kesenangannya berburu.Pada suatu Intokng pergi berburu sampai ke suatu daerah bernama Buukng Mentalimo Awaas Demekesaau. Terdengar suara kicau bermacam jenis burung yang sedang memakan buah sebatang pohon beringin besar (nunuk rawaai solai). Di seberang pohon beringin tersebut terdengar suara orang sedang membuat sesuatu. Setelah dilihat, ternyata seorang manusia besi bernama Belekataakng Odak sedang melubangi batu untuk perahu dengan kedua kakinya dan menarah badan perahu dengan dadanya. Intokng lalu bersembunyi sambil bersiul :”Belekatakng odak jelek bisa melubangi batu dengan kakinya dan menarah badan perahu dengan dadanya”. Mendengar siulan tersebut Belekatakng Odak menjadi marah dan mengira itu suara kicauan burung-burung enggang yang hingga di pohon beringin besar tersebut. Dia lalu bergumam :”Jelek suara burung-burng enggang, mengejek aku”. Lalu dia menghamburkan serpihan batu ke arah puncak pohon beringin besar tersebut, mengenai burung-burung yang ada di atasnya. Burung-burung yang terkena lemparan tersebut jatuh dan mati. Intokng kemudian mengumpulkan dan memasukkan ke kiangnya sampai penuh, dan kemudian pulang ke kampung Kenyeraau. Kemudian Ayuspulang ke kampung Kenyeraau, dan melihat Intokng banyak mendapat burung lalu bertanya:” Dari mana kamu Intokng dapat burung-burung sebanyak itu”. Jawab Intokng : “ Di dapat dari Buukng Mentalimo, kena lemparan Belokatakng Odaak”. Kata Ayus :”Kalau begitu saya lagi yang akan pergi ke sana”. Jawab Intokng :” Tidak usah kamu pergi ke sana Ayus, apa yang sudah saya dapat cukup untuk dimakan kita berdua dan mungkin juga burung-burung sudah habis kena lempar Belekatakng Odaak”. Tetapi Ayus tetap pada keinginannya. Dia menyiapkan bekal dan kemudian pada pagi berikutnya berangkat ke Buukng Mentalimo. Sesampainya di sana terdengar ramai suara kicauan burung-burung di atas pohon beringin besar tersebut, sedang diseberang Awaas Demakesaau terdengar suara Belokatakng Odak sedang membuat perahu dari batu. Ayus lalu bersembunyi di bawah pohon beringin besar dan bersiul:” Belekatakng odak jelek bisa melubangi batu dengan kakinya dan menarah badan perahu dengan dadanya”. Mendengar siulan tersebut Belekatakng Odak kembali marah dan mengira itu suara kicauan burung-burung enggang yang hinggap di pohon beringin besar tersebut. Dia lalu bergumam :”Jelek suara burung-burng enggang, mengejek aku”. Lalu dia menghamburkan serpihan batu ke arah puncak pohon beringin besar tersebut, mengenai burung-burung yang ada di atasnya. Burung-burung yang terkena lemparan tersebut jatuh dan mati. Ayus tidak memungut bangkai burung-burung yang mati tersebut, tetapi malahan memanjat pohon beringin besar tersebut dan berdiri di atas dahan besar. Lalu dia bersiul lagi:” Belekatakng odak jelek bisa melubangi batu dengan kakinya dan menarah badan perahu dengan dadanya”. Belekataakng Odaak menengadah ke atas pohon beringin besar tersebut dan melihat Ayus berdiri di cabang beringin yang paling besar. Dia lalu mengambil serpihan perahu batu tersebut dan enghambur ke arah Ayus, dan mengenai kepala Ayus. Ayus berteriak sambil memegang kepalanya yang bocor. Kemudian Ayus turun dari pohon beringin besar tersebut. Kata Belokataakng Odaak :” Kamu Ayus pergi ke sini berniat buruk, kalau kamu merasa sakit hati, karena kepalamu bocor, mari melawan saya main tendang, kita berjanji selama delapan hari delapan malam, kita main tendang di bawah pohon semeluakng dengok”. Ayus kemudian pulang tanpa menjawab sepatah katapun. Sambil menahan rasa sakit, Ayus bingung memikirkan bagaimana cara melawan Belokatakng Odaak main tendang, nampaknya dia pasti kalah karena badan Belokatakng Odaak terdiri dari besi semua. Tanpa terasa air matanya menetes, memikirkan kalau melawan pasti dia akan mati. Dalam perjalanan pulang dia betemu dengan laba-laba (Taakng Lamentaakng). “Apa yang engkau sedihkan Ayus?” tanya laba-laba. Jawab Ayus:”Saya bingung, karena ada janji main tendang dengan Belokatakng Odaak, manusia besi, kalau saya lawan pasti saya mati”. Kata la ba-laba:”jangan takut Ayus, saya akan bikin tali di atas phon semeluakng dengok, kalau dia tendang ke bawah maka kamu loncat ke atas sambil berpegang pada tali yang saya buat, maka tendangan pasti meleset”.Kemudian Ayus berpisah dengan laba-laba, sambil memikirkan bagaimana kalau Belokatakng Odaak, tendang ke atas pasti kena paha. Dalam perjalanan pulang kemudian dia bertemu dengan seekor anak landak (Renaak Anaak Tetukng). “Apa yang engkau sedihkan Ayus?” tanya anak landak. Jawab Ayus:”Saya bingung, karena ada janji main tendang dengan Belokatakng Odaak, manusia besi. Kalau dia tendang ke bawah saya masih bisa meloncat ke atas sambil berpegang pada tali yang dibuat oleh laba-laba, tapi kalau dia tendang ke atas pasti kena saya dan saya pasti mati ”. Kata Anak landak Renaak Anak Tetukng: “O begitu. Jangan takut Ayus, saya akan membantu kamu buat lubang di pangkal batang semeluakng dengok, jadi kalau dia tendang ke atas kamu terjun ke dalam lubang dan tendangannya tidak mengenai kamu, tetapi saya ada permintaan kepada kamu agar mencarikan saya buah belulu batu, yang dimiliki putri Lipir Langit”. “Ya, nanti saya cari buah belulu batu untuk kamu Renak Anak Tetukng,” kata Ayus. Buah belulu batu Setelah itu mereka berpisah; Ayus melanjutkan perjalanan pulang ke kampung Kenyeraau. Melihat Ayus pulang tanpa membawa apa-apa, maka Intokng bertanya:” Kok pulang tidak membawa apa-apa?”. Jawab Ayus :” Saya tidak sempat memungut burung-burung yang jatuh, karena kepala saya sakit kena lemparan Belokataakng Odaak, dia marah karena tersinggung dengan siulan saya. Dia mengajak saya main tendang dan berjanji selama 8 hari, sekarang masih 7 hari ”. Kata Intokng:” Jangan pergi ke sana, batalkan saja janji itu. Karena Belokataakng Odaak tidak terlawan, engkau akan mati bila melawan dia main tendang.” Tetapi Ayus malu membatalkan janji main tendang sama Belokataakng Odak dan setelah sampai waktunya dia berangkat ke Buukng Mantalimo untuk melawan Belokatakng Odaak untuk main tendang di pohon semeluaakng dengok. Sesampai di sana kata Ayus :” Kamu Belokataakng Odaak yang tendang duluan, saya siap memasang kaki”. Maka Ayus memasang kakinya di pangkal pohon semeluakng dengok, sementara Belokataakng Odaak mengambil ancang-ancang dari jauh untuk menendang. Pada saat Belokataakng Odaak berlari dan menendang ke bawah, maka Ayus melompat ke atas berpegang pada tali yang telah direntang oleh Taakng Lamentakng, namun pantatnya teriris sedikit oleh kaki Belokatakng Odaak. Kemudian belokataakng Odak berlari dan menendang lagi ke atas dan Ayus terjun ke dalam lubang yang telah dibuat oleh Renaak Anaak Tetukng, dan kulit kepala Ayus bagian atas teriris oleh kaki Belokataakng Odaak.  Kemudian kata Belokataakng Odak:”Sekarang giliran saya yang pasang, dan kamu yang menendang”. Ayus kemudian mengambil ancang-ancang dari seberang gunung. Sementara dia mengambil ancang-ancang, Ayus bertemu dengan Belekutukng Batuq seorang manusia batu. Belekutukng Batuq bertanya:” Hendak kemana kamu Ayus, kelihatan terburu-buru?”. Jawab Ayus: “ Saya sedang mengambil ancang-ancang menendang Belokataakng Odaak, karena kami bermain tendang”. “O begitu,” kata Belokutukng Batuq. “Kalau begitu kamu menyingkir saja, saya yang akan menendang Belokataakng Odaak, karena dia bukan lawan kamu, tetapi sayalah lawan yang seimbang,” kata Belokutukng Batuq. Maka melompatlah Belokutukng Batuq dari seberang bukit berlari menendang Belokataakng Odaak. Maka terdengar suara menggelegar bagai petir, ketika kaki dan badan Belokutukng Batuq bertabrakan dengan kaki dan tubuh Belokataakng Odaak, lalu keduanya bergumul dengan hebatnya, mulai dari Buukng Mantalimo, sampai ke seluruh wilayah dan badan keduanya menjadi remuk, dan tersebar kemana-mana menjadi batu dan besi. Oleh sebab itu batu dan besi ada di wilayah-wilayah tertentu, dihulu sungai, di gunung, di lembah, di hilir sungai dan semua wilayah. Setelah pertarungan selesai dan keduanya sama- sama binasa, maka Ayus pergi membawa lanjung paukng olikng memanjat buah belulu batu untuk membayar utang kepada Renaak anak Tetukng. Ayus memetik buah belulu batu milik putri Lipiir langit, dan dipelihara dan dijaga oleh Sewelaakng Olo dan Rangaai Bulaat, mengisi lanjung paukng olikng sampai penuh. Ketika Ayus turun, maka tali lanjungnya putus  dan buah belulu vbatu jatuh terhambur ke segala penjuru, jatuh ke seluruh  bukit dan lembah. Hanya satu buah yang diikat di cawat Ayus yang tidak jatuh. Ayus kemudian pergi ke Buukng mantalimo melapor kepada Renaak Anaak Tetukng, bahwa dia telah berhasil mengambil buah belulu batu, tetapi ketika turun , lanjungnya putus dan buah terhambur keseluruh lereng  dan lembah. Jadia Ayus menyruh Renaak Anak Tetukng mencari buah belulu batu ke lembah dan lereng di seluruh wilayah hutan yang ada. Buah tersebut yang kemudian tumbuh menjadi pohon ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri). Kemudian mereka berpisah. Ayus pulang ke kampung Kenyeraau, lalu sesampainya di sana, dia lalu menanam buah belulu batu di tengah halaman (padakng kelamaaq). Buah Setelah sekian lama kena hujan dan kena panas, buah tersebut berkecambah 7 batang, kemudian 8 batang. Yang tumbuh 7 batang menjadi Ulin, yang disebut teluyatn banaat, yang delapan batang tumbuh menjadi ulin dengan nama teluyatn buso. Teluyatn banaat digunakan untuk bahan dan peralatan pada upacara kematian kwangkai dan teluyatn buso digunakan untuk upacara ritual beliatn.

Rattan garden, a traditional Benuaq garden like a forest

PAULUS MATIUS[1]

Abstract

Rattan garden is one among of the several part traditional landuse system in Benuaq Dayak Tribe in West Kutai East kalimantan, Indonesia. There are 2 types of Rattan gardens namely alluvial rattan gardens and terrestrial rattan gardens. Rattan gardens rich of plant species like trees, shrubs,herbs, liana/climbers, bamboo, palms and ferns. Many species of wild animals also live or temporally come into rattan gardens for feeding. Local people grow rattan for getting cash income and also for local use. Almost all plants in rattan gardens can be used by the local people for  fulfill their daily need like building materials, fire wood, food, medicine, ritual ceremony, tools, honey be tree and many other uses.

I.                   INTRODUCTION

South East Asian Tropical Rain Forests belong to the species richest in the world (LONGMAN and JENIK 1974; BAAS et al . 1990; WHITMORE 1990). Recently, biodiversity degradation is one of the major issues in the world, because many human activities without ecological consideration and internalization of ecological costs have resulted in habitat damage and extinction of flora and fauna.

Local people have lived within Tropical Rain Forests since long time ago without caused significant ecological damage to the surrounding forests. Rattan garden is one among several of the traditional land-uses of Benuaq tribes in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Rattan gardens support their economic needs and contribute to conserve local biodiversity.

Rattan garden is a piece of land, on which rattans are cultivated by farmers for supporting their subsistence and economic needs. Rattan gardens are an integrated component of a shifting cultivation system.

II.                METHODS

1.            Location of the research

This research was conducted in Muara Bomboy Village, a Benuaq Dayaks Tribe in West Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

2.Vegetation Survey

The rattan gardens conditions were classified by 3 categories representing sites, age of the garden, and treatments: The categories are:

a. Age of Gardens : ranged from 15-80 years

a. Site condition : Alluvial and Terrestrial sites

b. Treatments : Less, moderate, and heavy treatments

Sampling methods: 120 samplings plot with size:

a.                   Trees Tier (T1): contents trees and all other plants having 10 m or more in height and dbh 10 cm or more were inventored in rectangular plots with size 50 m X 10 m

b.                  Shrubs and young trees tier (T2): all plants less than 10 m and/or dbh less than 10 cm. The size ofinventory plots were 30 X 6m with rectangular shape.

c.                   Seedling and ground tier (T3): all plants less than 1.5 cm height, with plots size were 20 x 4 m.

The inventory items:

(1)               Number of species

(2)               Number of individuals

(3)               Cover  (in Braun-Blanquet cover scale) (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974)

(4)               Diameter Breast Height (DBH)

(5)               Total and bole height

3.                  Ethno-botanical and etno-zoological survey

Plants and the local people have a very close relation because of gardens management and plant utilization. For the ethnobotanical part of this study, three key resource persons . who are experts in the names of local species and their uses, were chosen to obtain information about plant species uses. Besides these three main resource persons, there were 10 additional supporting resource persons as respondents for this purpose.

Plant and wild animal relationships were studied mainly focusing on animals’ food sources. This study covered 5 groups of animal species which have close relation to local people in terms of their utilization as sources of protein. They were terrestrial mammals, ape or monkeys, squirrels, birds and fish.

4.                  Data Analysis

Vegetation data analysis used a multivariate classification technique (MULVA package WILDI and ORLOCI, 1996).

To compare diversity among the communities was conducted with SHANNON-WIENER index formula as following (KREBS 1985; MAGURRAN 1988):

H’ =∑(pi)(log2pi)

Where : H’ = Shannon-Wiener index of diversity

Pi = proportion of the total sample belonging to ith species

E = H’/Hmax

Where = E evenness =proportion of observed diversity index to maximum diversity index

III.             RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1.               Plant community and species group in relation with habitat, age and treatment.

Rattan gardens in Muara Bomboy consisted of 2 main site namely alluvial rattan gardens that temporally floody and terrestrial rattan gardens that never floody. Farmers cultivate jahab (Calamus trachycoleus) and jepukng (Daemonorops crinita) on alluvial areas and sokaq (Calamus caesius) on terrestrial areas. Main soil type alluvial areas is Hapludults and in terrestrial is Tropludults whichs are loam and silt loam (USDA 1991)

There are 5 vegetation communities within all rattan gardens namely:

1). Artocarpus teijsmsanii community was found in 30 years old RGs with moderately treatment, both 80 years old RGs with less and heavy treatments. Artocarpus teijsmanii community were divided into Vatica rassak, and Desmos chinensis types.

2). Eugenia napiformis community: found in 50 years old RGs with moderately treatment at transitional areal

3). Actinodaphne sesquipedalis community occurred in terrestrial RGs from terraces to hills. Actinodaphne sesquipedalis community consist of two types e.g: Indorouchera griffithiana, and Stachyphrinium. Indorouchera griffithiana type can be divided into 2 subtypes: Parkia speciosa and pure subtypes, while Stachyphrinum type consisted of 4 subtipe: Calamus ornatus, Erycibe borneensis, Pongamia pinnata, and Achasma macocheilos.

4). Macaranga gigantea community found at terrestrial area in 15 years old RGS with less treatment. and

5).Gigantochloa hasskarliana community presented at terraces and mid slope of terrestrial area with less treatment

Vegetation in its relation to site, age and treatments of rattan gardens consisted of 21 species group in 6 catagories namely:

1). Species groups in alluvial areas consisted of :

a. Artocarpus teysmanii group consist of 14species members : occured both 80 years old RGs with heavy and less treatments and 30 years old RGs with moderate treatment.

b. Desmos chinensis group consist of 14species members and occur in 80 years old RGs with heavy treatment

c. Rinorea horneri group consist of 26 species members and occured in 30 years old RGs with moderate treatment.

2). Species groups that spread from alluvial until transitional areas  consisted of:

a. Gardenia tubifera group consist of 16 species members and present in in all alluvial RGs to transitional areas in all treatments.

b.Calamus flabellatus group consist of 5 species members present in alluvial RGs with heavy and moderate treatments to transitional areas.

c. Helicia robusta group consist of 3 species members and occured in 30 years alluvial RGs with moderate treatment and 50 years old RGs of moderate treatment in transitional areas.

3). Species group in transitional area with 50 years old and moderate treatment RGs was Eugenia napiformis which was consist of 16 species members.

4). Species group that occured from transitional areas to terrestrial areas was Artocarpus kemando. It consist of 16 species members.(50 years old RGs with moderately treatment, 60 years old RGs at terrace with moderate an 60 years old RGs with heavy treatments)

5). Terrestrial species consisted of 11 group :

a. Parkia speciosa group present most pronounced ot terraces of 50 years old RGs and 60 years old RGs with less treatment. This species group consist of 13 species members.

b. Pentace laxilfora group occured on terraces of 50 years old RGs with less and 60 years old RGs with moderately treatments as well as on terraces with bamboo. They consist of 4 species members.

c. Knema conferta group was found in 60 years old RGs with heavy treatment.This species group consist of 7 species members.

d. Heynea trijuga group was occured 35 years old RGs with less tratment and bamboo community.This species group consisted of 4 species members.

e. Macaranga gigantea group was occur in 15 years old RGs with less treatment, with 18 species members.

f. Vitex pinnata group was occur in 15 years, 30 years and 35 years old RGs with less, heavy treatments, with 3 species members.

g. Gigantochloa hasskarliana group was occur at terraces to mid slope 45-60 years old RGs with less treatment. This group consist of 7 species members.

h. Baccaurea kunstleri group was pronounced in all terrestrial RGs except in Macaranga community. This group consisted of 5 species members.

i. Hornstedtia scypifera group with 17 species members, widely distributed over terrestrial RGs, with all ages and treatments, except in Bamboo community.

j. Fordia filipes group wasfound distributed widely all over terrestrial RGs with all age and treatments. This group consist of 30 species members.

k. Strombosia javanica group was found distributed in terrestrial site, except Macaranga gigantea community and 60 years old RGs hilly RGs with heavy treatment and consist of 7 species members.

6). Species that widespread from alluvial until terrestrial consisted of :

a. Dillenia exelsa had the widest ecological range of all species group in RGs which were occurred in all site, treatment and age conditions and consist of 5 species members.

b. Lepisanthes amoena group was found in all alluvial RGs, except in 80 years old with less treatment. They also spread overall terrestrial RGs with all treatments and ages and consist of 7 species members.

2.          Species richness

RGs are rich in wild plant species. On 120 nested sample plots of RGs in Muara Bomboy, there were 802 plant species belonging to 367 genera, in 119 families.Within the canopy (T1 sample plots) based on a total 6.0 ha sample area, there were 306 plant species from 186 genera and 61 families. A total 258 species were trees belonging to 135 genera and 51 families. Some non-tree plants of reaching the canopy (T1) were climbers, bamboos, rattans and palms. The climbers had the second rank in species richness with 35 species belonging to 34 genera and 17 families (Table 1).

Table 1. Number of species within rattan gardens

Life forms and related	Number of species
	T1 tier	T2 tier	T3 tier
Trees	258
Climbers	35	145	128
Rattans	7	17	18
Palms	3	6	6
Bamboos	3	6	5
Shrubs		54	68
Tree saplings		352
Tree seedlings			276
Herbs		28	50
Ferns		3	18
Total species	306	611	569
Total species for overall tier	802

Legend:T1 = plant with height 10 m and more or dbh 10 cm and more, T2 = plant with height between 1.5m and 10 m, and diameter less than 10 cm, T3 = plant with less 1.5 m height.

In the T2 sample plots with a total sample area of 2.16 ha, 611 plant species, belonging to 295 genera and 92 families were found. Tree saplings were the richest with 352 species belonging to 158 genera. They were followed by climbers with 145 species belonging to 88 genera and 39 families, and shrubs with 54 species belonging to 38 genera and 18 families.

T3 sample plots with a total area of 0.96 ha contained 569 species belonging to 338 genera, 116 families. Tree seedlings occurred as the richest with 276 species, 150 genera and 57 families. Climbers were in the second rank with 128 species, 80 genera and 39 families, shrubs as the third rank with 68 species, 45 genera and 20 families.

3.             Species Diversity

The comparison among even plots (5 plots or 0.25 ha) from 12 categories of RGs showed that species richness ranged from 26 to 80 species in T1 (Table 2). In the Artocarpus teysmanii community, RGs with less treatment (Vatica rassak type) had the lower species richness compared to RGs with heavy treatment at the same age (Desmos chinensis type), and to younger RGs with moderate treatment (Actinodaphne tomentosa subtype). Gaps created by moderate and heavy treatments provide opportunities for more species to recruit and developing.

Table 2. Species richness, diversity indices (H’) of Shannon-Wiener, and evenness (E) in each community, type and subtype of RGs for T1, T2, and T3

	Communities/type/subtype	T1			T2			T3
		Spp	H’	E	Spp	H’	E	Spp	H’	E
A	Alluvial
1	Art teysmanii com.
1.1	Vatica rassak type	26	3.3	0.7	56	4.0	0.7	43	3.1	0.6
1.2	D chinensis type.
1.2.1	Pure subt.	34	4.5	0.9	120	5.5	0.8	99	5.2	0.8
1.2.2	Act tomentosa subt.	61	5.2	0.9	126	5.6	0.8	110	5.2	0.8
2	Eug napiformis com.	53	4.9	0.9	142	5.8	0.8	125	5.1	0.7
B.	Terrrestrial
3	Act  sesquipedalis com.
3.1	Ind griffithiana type
3.1.1	Parkia speciosa subt.	70	5.0	0.8	209	6.5	0.8	207	5.1	0.7
3.1.2	Pure subt.	80	5.3	0.8	186	6.2	0.8	190	5.5	0.7
3.2	Stachyphrinium type
3.2.1	Calamus ornatus subt.	74	5.2	0.8	191	6.1	0.8	177	4.9	0.7
3.2.2	Erycibe borneensis subt.	55	5.1	0.9	202	6.3	0.8	201	4.6	0.6
3.2.3	Pong pinnata subt.	56	4.5	0.8	166	6.0	0.8	146	3.7	0.5
3.2.4	Ach macrocheilos subt.	47	5.1	0.9	123	5.2	0.7	151	2.0	0.3
4	Mac gigantea com.	49	4.3	0.8	147	5.9	0.8	188	5.7	0.8
5	Gig hasskarliana com.	29	2.2	0.5	139	5.5	0.8	178	4.1	0.5

In terrestrial RGs, the lowest species richness for tree tier (T1) was in Gigantochloa hasskarliana community (bamboo with less treatment). The species richest was in 60 years old RGs with moderate treatment on terraces (Indorouchera griffithiana type). The H’ for tree tier (T1) was highest in the Indorouchera griffithiana type (5.3) with an E of 0.8, and it was lowest in the Gigantochloa hasskarliana community (2.2), with an E of 0.5. Within the Indorouchera griffithiana type, both higher species richness and even distribution of species cover resulted in an higher diversity index, while in the Gigantochloa hassskarliana community lower of species richness and very dominant distribution and cover of Gigantochloa hasskarliana (uneven distribution) over the other species resulted in a lower diversity index. Dominance of bamboo may outcompete many species

In shrub tier (T2) with a total area 0.09 ha (5 samples of 0.018 ha for each subtype), the species richness ranged between 56 and 209 species. The lowest species richness and diversity index in was in Vatica rassak type (80 years old RGs with less treatment) and the highest was in the Parkia speciosa subtype (50 years old RGs with less treatment). The H’ ranged between 4.0 (Vatica rassak type) and 6.5 (Parkia speciosa subtype), with the evenness between 0.7 and 0.8.

The species richness in the ground tier (T3) (0.04 ha) ranged from 43 to 207 species with the lowest richness also in the Vatica rassak subtype, and the highest was in Parkia speciosa subtype. However, the index of diversity (2.0) and evenness (0.3) was lowest in Achasma macrocheilos subtype, although the species richness was higher. The reason was  the very high dominance of Stachyphrinium sp’1’ over the other species causing an uneven distributions of the species.

4.            Tree density

Tree density within alluvial RGs ranged from 324 to 460 individuals per ha. The average was 390 individuals per ha. Basal area ranged from 13.5 m2 to 27.8 m2 per ha. The average basal area was 16.1 m2 per ha.  Bole volume ranged from 49.6 m3 to 254.8 m3 per ha. The average bole volume was 110.0 m3 per ha (Table 3). The lowest tree density was in 80 years old RGs with less treatment. However, it contained the highest basal area and volume, because there was many big trees remained.

Table 3. Stand density, for trees, saplings and seedlings, basal area and volume of trees (dbh ≥10 cm) within rattan gardens of different age, treatment and site, compared to primary forests.

Site	Treatment and age of RGs	N/ha			BA (m2/ha)	Vol (m3)/ha
		Trees	Saplings	Seedlings
Alluvial RGs	Less treated (80-yrs)	324	3333	7600	27.8	254.8
	Moderate treated (30yrs)	460	8400	22400	14.5	80.0
	Moderate treated (50yrs)	440	5889	13475	13.5	55.6
	Heavy treated (80yrs)	336	3244	11650	8.6	49.6
	Average	390	5217	13781	16.1	110
Terrestrial RGs	Less treated (15yrs, hilly)	502	3250	10588	9.4	40.0
	Less treated (35yrs, hilly)	374	3734	33357	27.4	178.7
	Less treated (50yrs, flat)	502	4916	21212	22.6	199.2
	Less treated (60yrs, hilly)	633	2733	7075	25.4	220.4
	Moderate treate d(60yrs, flat)	380	4668	20512	17.9	150.8
	Heavy treated (30yrs hilly)	371	2759	7108	8.4	36.0
	Heavy treated (60yrs, hilly)	427	4222	7867	10.4	47.3
	Bamboo (45-60yrs)	144	2730	21661	9.8	80.9
	Average	417	3627	16173	16.4	119.1

Tree density in terrestrial RGs ranged from 144 to 633 individuals per ha. The average tree density were 417 individuals per ha. Basal area ranged from 8.4 m2 to 27.4 m2 per. The average of basal area was 16.4 m2 per ha. Bole volume ranged from 36.0 m3 to 220.4 m3 per ha. The average bole volume was 119.1 m3 per ha. The highest number of trees was in 60 years old RGs with less treatment and the highest basal area was in 35 years old RGs with less treatment.

In alluvial RGs, the average tree sapling densities were 5217 individuals per ha, and tree seedlings were 13781 individuals per ha. The highest tree sapling and seedling densities were in 30 years old RGs with moderate treatment (8400 individuals per ha for tree saplings, and 22400 individuals per ha for tree seedling), and the lowest was in 80 years old RGs with heavy treatment for tree saplings (3244 individuals per ha), and in 80 years old RGs with less treatment for tree seedling (7600 individuals per ha). The average density of tree saplings in terrestrial RGs was lower than in alluvial RGs (3627 individuals per ha). The tree seedlings density was higher in terrestrial RGs (16173 individuals per ha) than in alluvial RGs.

5.                  Local utilization of plants

Local community of Benuaq relies on their daily needs from many species of plants. Plant use can be divided into 10 categories namely: building materials, firewood, food, medicinal plants, pest and disease control, tools, cash income, ritual ceremonies, honeybee trees, and other miscellaneous uses (Table 4).

Table 4. Number of species from RGs for local utilization in Muara Bomboy

No	Type of use	Plant groups								Total
		Tr	Cl	Hb	Sh	Rt	Pa	Fe	Bo
1	Building materials	273	1	2		11	1		1	289
2	Fire wood	214			16					230
3	Food	42	4	3	2	4	4	1	1	61
4	Medicinal plant	29	73	12	27		2	3		146
5	Pest control	7	14	8	8		1			38
6	Tool	119	15	5	6	18	3		2	168
7	Cash income	6			1	11	1			19
8	Ritual ceremonies	46	29	12	17	8	4	4	1	121
9	Honeybee trees	6								6
10	Other miscellaneous uses	17	6	1			1			25

Tr = trees, C l = climbers, Hb = Herbs, Sh = shrubs, Rt = rattans, Pa = palms, Fe = ferns, Bo = bamboos

The most commonly used is for building materials (289 species) and follow respectively by firewood (230 species), Tools (168 species), medicinal plants (146 species) and ritual ceremonies (121 species).

Most frequent use were stems and branches of trees and shrubs, mainly for building materials, firewood and tools. Leaves/fronds were used mainly for ritual ceremonies and medicines. Sap was used for medicines and fruits for food.

6.                  Animals food sources

Forest like structures of the RGs create habitat for many animals. They stay or come temporally looking for fruit, leaves, and other plant parts, as well as preying insects or wild animals (carnivorous or insectivorous animals). For example, during conducting this field research I saw 3 groups of Hylobates muelleri, which always stay overnight in same tree. There were also 4 groups of Presbytis cristata ultima and Presbytis frontata, that always come back to a tall tree in old RGs at dusk. Groups of Macaca fascicularis always stay overnight in a same tall tree close to river. Some birds such as Gracula religiosa, Ducula pickeringi, Psitinus cynaurus and several of pigeon species come to RGs during fruiting time, and were absent afterwards. According to local people information, 170 species of wild animals were found staying in or temporally visiting RGs. They consist of 20 species of ground mammals included civet, 8 species of monkeys, 13 species of squirrels, 74 species of birds and 55 species of fish.

There were 157 species of plant known as source of food for ground mammal and civet. They included 109 tree species, 22 climber species, 14 herbs species, 5 shrub species, 3 rattan species, and 2 both palm and ferns.

Monkeys can consume 139 plant species, which is consist of 109 tree species, 16 climbers species, 6 shrubs, 4 herbs, 3 rattan and 1 palm species.

There were 60 species of plants as food source for squirrels, which consist of 48 trees, 9 climbers, and 3 herb species.

During floods all alluvial RGs will be inundated with a water depth from 1 to 2.5 m. Many species of fish enter inundated rattan gardens looking for fallen fruits and flowers, worms, woodworms, maggots and insects. Plants in alluvial areas or riverbank provide food for fish during inundation periods. A total amount 45 plant species were known of their fruits or flowers as food sources 36 fish species.

IV.             CONCLUSIONS

1)            Rattan gardens consist of alluvial rattan gardens and terrestrial rattan garden. The farmers grow rattan jahab (Calamus trachycoleus) and jepukng (Daemonorops crinita) in alluvial areas, and rattan sokaq (Calamus caesius) in terrestrial areas. These gardens were integrated with shifting cultivation systems.

2)            RGs contain many plants species growing naturally and many wild animals stay or come temporally for feeding. It means that RGs one of the traditional gardens that able to support conservation of biodiversity mainly local flora and fauna.

3)            Within RGs plant, every species have its own site preferences from narrow to wide ranges. Different site, age and treatments of RGs provide many site preferences for many plant species and resulting in higher diversity in RGs.

4)            RGs are the traditional forest-like gardens contain many useful plants for fulfill indigenous people daily needs such as building materials, firewood, food, medicinal plants, tools, ritual ceremony and other uses.

REFERENCES

BAAS, P. (1989). The plant diversity of Malesia. Proceeding of the Flora Malesiana Symposium, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 420 pp.

KREBS, J. CH. (1985). Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Third Editions. Harper and Row Publishing., New York, 800 pp.

LONGMAN, K.A. and JENIK, J. (1974). Tropical Forest and Its Environment. Longman Group Limited London, 196 pp.

MAGURRAN, A. (1988). Ecological Diversity and Its Measurements. University Press. Cambridge, 179 pp.

MULLER-DOMBOIS, d. and ELLEENBERG, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 547 pp.

USDA (1991). Keys to Soil Taxonomi by Soil survey Staff. Agency for International Development, United States Development of Agriculture, Soil Management Support Services. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburn, Virginia.

WHITMORE, T. C. (1990). An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests. Clarendon Press Oxford, 226 pp.

WILDI O., ORLOCI, L. (1996). Numerical Exploration of Community Patterns. A guide to use of MULVA-5, 2^nd edition. SPB Academic Publishing Bv, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 171 pp.

---

Faculty of Forestry and Center for Social Forestry  Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia 1)